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epinephrine

Sold as Auvi-Q, Neffy, Epipen, Primatene Mist Inhaler, Symjepi. Class: Local hemostatics; Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents; Sympathomimetics, plain; Alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists; Sympathomimetics in glaucoma therapy. First FDA approval 06/08/1951: 75 years on the US market.

This grade answers one narrow question: how strong is the public evidence and safety record behind this drug, and how clean is its money trail and court record? It is not a verdict on whether the drug is right for you.

C

Score breakdown (69/100)

Safety ×35%
C
Evidence ×25%
C
Regulatory ×15%
D
Money & lawsuits ×15%
C
Options ×10%
A

Safety: 65

Evidence: 68

Regulatory history: 57

Money & lawsuits: 70

Options: 100

Independent reviews and post-approval warnings

WHO Essential Medicine

Listed on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: a global expert panel judged it among the medicines a health system should always have, on evidence of value, not marketing.

What the FDA label says

Approved uses

Neffy is indicated for emergency treatment of type I allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in adult and pediatric patients aged 4 years and older who weigh 15 kg or greater. Neffy is an alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor agonist indicated for emergency treatment of type I allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in adult and pediatric patients 4 years of age and older who weigh 15 kg or greater. ( 1 )

Contraindications

None. None ( 4 )

Warnings and precautions

Absorption of neffy may be affected by underlying structural and anatomical nasal conditions. ( 5.1 ) Administer with caution in patients with heart disease; may aggravate angina pectoris or produce ventricular arrhythmias. ( 5.2 ) May aggravate certain coexisting conditions. ( 5.2 ) The presence of a sulfite in this product should not deter use. ( 5.3 ) 5.1 Potential Altered Absorption of Neffy in Patients with Underlying Structural or Anatomical Nasal Conditions Clinical pharmacology studies with neffy included subjects with history of allergic rhinitis, but did not include subjects with underlying structural and anatomical nasal conditions (e.g., polyps, history of nasal fractures or injuries, or history of nasal surgery). Absorption of neffy may be affected by underlying structural and anatomical nasal conditions. Consider use of other epinephrine products given by other routes of administration for patients with underlying structural or anatomical nasal conditions. 5.2 Risks Associated with Use of Epinephrine in Certain Coexisting Conditions Some patients may be at greater risk for developing adverse reactions after epinephrine administration. Despite these concerns, it should...

Adverse reactions (label)

The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Risks Associated with Use of Epinephrine in Certain Coexisting Conditions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Allergic Reactions Associated with Sulfite [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Most common adverse reactions are: Adults (incidence ≥ 2%): nasal discomfort, headache, rhinorrhea, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and throat irritation. ( 6 ) Pediatric patients 4 years of age and older who weigh 15 kg or greater (incidence ≥10%): nasal discomfort, nasal congestion, paresthesia, rhinorrhea, sneezing, upper respiratory tract congestion, epistaxis, rhinalgia, nasal dryness, dry throat, fatigue, and feeling jittery. ( 6 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact ARS Pharmaceuticals Operations, Inc. at 1-877-MY-NEFFY (877-696-3339) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. Adverse Reactions with Neffy in Adult Sub...

Recent major label changes

Indications ( 1 ) 3/2025 Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 ) 3/2025

Source: FDA SPL label for neffy (Sportpharm LLC), effective 20260424. Full label on DailyMed.

Side-effect reports sent to the FDA

These are counts of reports people filed, not rates of harm. Anyone can file one, and nobody checks whether the drug was the cause. Millions of doses are taken for every report sent, so the useful part is how this drug compares with the average across all drugs.

64,110reports that mention this drug
64,063of those blame this drug, not another one the person was taking
56%of reports describe a serious outcome, such as a hospital stay (average for all drugs: 57%)
5.8%of reports include a death, from any cause (average for all drugs: 9.1%)

Problems reported most often

Drug Ineffective · 6,095Headache · 4,366Fatigue · 4,003Sinusitis · 3,997Dyspnoea · 3,351Product Dose Omission Issue · 3,245Nausea · 3,217Off Label Use · 3,122Pain · 2,831Covid-19 · 2,718Pneumonia · 2,621Pyrexia · 2,258Cough · 2,222Nasopharyngitis · 2,204Rash · 2,201

Reports per year

20192020202120222023202420252026
4,7358,2185,6615,0165,2766,1636,4523,335

27,321 reports blaming this drug for every million Medicare prescriptions filled, which is 9.9× the typical drug on this site. (15,927 reports in 2024–2026, against 582,959 Medicare fills in one year. This is the one number here that accounts for how many people take the drug.)

Source: the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Reports are voluntary and unverified. Drugs that are prescribed a lot, in the news, or in lawsuits attract more reports, so the percentages are compared with the whole database to correct for that partly, not fully.

Recalls and regulatory record

15recall actions on file
19 / 14brand / generic applications
17label changes since 2021
NoREMS program
DateClassFirmReason
08/2026Class IAmerican Regent, Inc.Presence of Particulate Matter and Lack of Assurance of Sterility. Particulate matter identified as nylon, cellulosic, acrylic, polyethylene and glass and broken and leaking vials.
05/2026Class IIIFresenius Kabi USA, LLCFailed Impurities/Degradations Specifications
04/2026Class IIInternational Medication Systems Ltd.Lack of Assurance of Sterility
01/2024Class IIHenry Schein Inc. and Glove Club HSI Gloves Inc.Labeling: Incorrect or Missing Lot and/or Exp Date. The expiration date listed on the Repack Pouch Label is incorrect.
04/2022Class IIMckesson Medical-Surgical Inc. Corporate OfficecGMP deviations: Temperature abuse
04/2022Class IIMckesson Medical-Surgical Inc. Corporate OfficecGMP deviations: Temperature abuse
04/2022Class IIMckesson Medical-Surgical Inc. Corporate OfficecGMP deviations: Temperature abuse
04/2022Class IIMckesson Medical-Surgical Inc. Corporate OfficecGMP deviations: Temperature abuse
04/2022Class IIMckesson Medical-Surgical Inc. Corporate OfficecGMP deviations: Temperature abuse
03/2021Class IICardinal Health Inc.CGMP Deviations: Intermittent exposure to temperature excursion during storage.
03/2021Class IICardinal Health Inc.CGMP Deviations: Intermittent exposure to temperature excursion during storage.
03/2021Class IICardinal Health Inc.CGMP Deviations: Intermittent exposure to temperature excursion during storage.

Class I = reasonable probability of serious harm. Class II = temporary or reversible harm. Class III = unlikely to harm. Most generic recalls are manufacturing or labeling defects for one lot, not a verdict on the molecule.

Evidence base

727randomized trials (PubMed)
73systematic reviews
3,621registered trials
34%of completed trials posted results
11%terminated or withdrawn
17%industry-funded

Independent Cochrane reviews

Counts measure how much evidence exists and how transparent it is, not how big the benefit is. For that, ask your prescriber: if 100 people like me took this, how many would get better because of it, and how many would be harmed? (Doctors call these the "number needed to treat" and "number needed to harm.") It differs by condition and is the number drug ads leave out. Sources: PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Money and lawsuits

In 2024, drug companies reported $256,524 in payments to US physicians and hospitals tied to this drug across 6,327 transactions (Auvi-Q $256,524).

No pending federal MDL names this drug or its brands.

Settlements of federal marketing and pricing allegations

Settlements of $100M+ in which this drug (Epipen) was a named product, as recorded by the Department of Justice. A settlement resolves allegations; civil settlements are not admissions and not findings of wrongdoing. They are shown because off-label promotion cases describe how the evidence many prescribers saw was shaped.

Sources: CMS Open Payments (Sunshine Act); Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation pending docket list; DOJ settlements as tabulated on Wikipedia with links to the primary record. State-court and individual suits are not included.

Who takes it and what it costs

462,731Medicare Part D patients (2024)
582,959prescriptions filled
$207average cost per fill
$120Mtotal Medicare spend
ProductFills$/fill
Epinephrine578,447$206
Adrenalin2,931$21
Auvi-Q1,035$689
Epipen 2-Pak277$604
Neffy269$782

Same-class alternatives

2 drugs in the same class grade a letter or more higher than epinephrine on this site. Worth asking whether one of them would do the same job for you.

adrenaloneapraclonidinearbutaminecafedrinecalcium alginatecellulose, oxidizedcollagencyclopentaminedipivefrindobutaminedopaminedopexaminedroxidopaephedrineetilefrinefenoldopamfenoxazolinegepefrineibopamineindanazolineisoproterenolmephenterminemetaraminolmethoxaminenaphazolinenorepinephrinenorfenefrineoctopamineoxymetazolinephenylephrinesynephrinetetrahydrozolinetheodrenalinethrombintramazolinexylometazoline

Same ATC pharmacological class, graded ones first, best grade at the top. Being in the same class does not make them interchangeable for your condition; it makes them worth asking about.

Questions to ask your prescriber

  1. The maker paid $465 million in 2006 to settle federal allegations about how this drug was marketed. Is my use one of the uses that was promoted improperly?
  2. The most-reported problems in FDA's adverse event data are headache, fatigue, sinusitis. How would we recognize and handle those?
  3. Why this one over adrenalone, apraclonidine, arbutamine? What would make you pick one of those instead?
  4. What result are we expecting, by when, and what is the plan if it does not happen?
  5. If 100 people like me took this drug, how many would actually get better because of it, and how many would be harmed by it? (Doctors call these the number needed to treat and the number needed to harm.)