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famotidine

Sold as Pepcid, Zantac Reformulated Aug 2022. Class: H2-receptor antagonists. First FDA approval 10/15/1986: 40 years on the US market.

This grade answers one narrow question: how strong is the public evidence and safety record behind this drug, and how clean is its money trail and court record? It is not a verdict on whether the drug is right for you.

B

Score breakdown (78/100)

Safety ×35%
B
Evidence ×25%
D
Regulatory ×15%
C
Money & lawsuits ×15%
A
Options ×10%
A

Safety: 85

Evidence: 53

Regulatory history: 66

Money & lawsuits: 100

Options: 100

What the FDA label says

Approved uses

Famotidine for oral suspension is indicated in adults for the treatment of: active duodenal ulcer (DU). active gastric ulcer (GU). symptomatic nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). erosive esophagitis due to GERD, diagnosed by biopsy. treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasias). reduction of the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence. Famotidine for oral suspension is indicated in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older for the treatment of: peptic ulcer disease. GERD with or without esophagitis and ulcerations. Famotidine for oral suspension is indicated in pediatric patients from birth to less than 1 year of age for the treatment of: GERD. Famotidine for oral suspension is a histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist indicated (1): In adults for the treatment of: active duodenal ulcer (DU). active gastric ulcer (GU). symptomatic nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). erosive esophagitis due to GERD, diagnosed by biopsy. treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasias). reduction of the risk of DU recurrence. In pediatric p...

Contraindications

Famotidine for oral suspension is contraindicated in patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis) to famotidine or other histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists. History of serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis) to famotidine or other H 2 receptor antagonists. (4)

Warnings and precautions

Central Nervous System (CNS) Adverse Reactions: Elderly patients and patients with renal impairment at increased risk; reduce the dosage. (2.2, 5.1, 8.5, 8.6) GI Malignancy: Absence of GI symptoms does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy; evaluate prior to initiating therapy. (5.2) 5.1 Central Nervous System Adverse Reactions Central nervous system (CNS) adverse reactions, including confusion, delirium, hallucinations, disorientation, agitation, seizures, and lethargy, have been reported in elderly patients and patients with moderate and severe renal impairment treated with famotidine. Since famotidine blood levels are higher in patients with renal impairment than in patients with normal renal function, dosage adjustments are recommended in patients with renal impairment [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.2), CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)]. 5.2 Concurrent Gastric Malignancy In adults, symptomatic response to therapy with famotidine for oral suspension does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy. Consider evaluation for gastric malignancy in adult patients who have a suboptimal response or an early symptomatic relapse after completing treatment with famotidine for...

Adverse reactions (label)

The most common adverse reactions are: headache, dizziness, constipation, and diarrhea. (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Northstar Rx LLC at 1-800-206-7821 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety of famotidine for oral suspension has been established based on adequate and well controlled studies of another oral famotidine product [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)]. The following is a summary of the adverse reactions reported in those studies. Oral famotidine was studied in 7 US and international placebo- and active-controlled trials in approximately 2500 patients [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14)] . A total of 1442 patients were treated with famotidine, including 302 treated with 40 mg twice daily, 456 treated with 20 mg twice daily, 461 treated with 40 mg once daily, and 396 treated with 20 mg once daily. The population was 17 to 91 years old, fairly well distribute...

Source: FDA SPL label for Famotidine (NorthStar Rx LLC), effective 20230907. Full label on DailyMed.

Side-effect reports sent to the FDA

These are counts of reports people filed, not rates of harm. Anyone can file one, and nobody checks whether the drug was the cause. Millions of doses are taken for every report sent, so the useful part is how this drug compares with the average across all drugs.

97,599reports that mention this drug
97,381of those blame this drug, not another one the person was taking
63%of reports describe a serious outcome, such as a hospital stay (average for all drugs: 57%)
8.7%of reports include a death, from any cause (average for all drugs: 9.1%)

Problems reported most often

Chronic Kidney Disease · 6,605Fatigue · 6,570Nausea · 6,551Diarrhoea · 6,163Off Label Use · 5,652Drug Ineffective · 5,125Acute Kidney Injury · 4,770Headache · 4,671Dyspnoea · 4,629Vomiting · 3,844Pain · 3,759Dizziness · 3,712Renal Failure · 3,674Death · 3,446Pneumonia · 3,053

Reports per year

20192020202120222023202420252026
7,9969,3789,2059,3839,34210,73111,6766,290

2,037 reports blaming this drug for every million Medicare prescriptions filled, which is 0.7× the typical drug on this site. (28,605 reports in 2024–2026, against 14,045,191 Medicare fills in one year. This is the one number here that accounts for how many people take the drug.)

Source: the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Reports are voluntary and unverified. Drugs that are prescribed a lot, in the news, or in lawsuits attract more reports, so the percentages are compared with the whole database to correct for that partly, not fully.

Recalls and regulatory record

10recall actions on file
10 / 88brand / generic applications
2label changes since 2021
NoREMS program
DateClassFirmReason
08/2026Class IIBaxter Healthcare CorporationCGMP Deviations
11/2025Class IFresenius Kabi USA, LLCMicrobial Contamination of Sterile Products; out of limit results obtained for endotoxin testing.
05/2023Class IIGlenmark Therapeutics, Inc.Labeling: Label Error on Declared Strength: some cartons labeled and containing 20 mg may have an external label placed on the side of the carton indicating strength as 10 mg.
01/2021Class IIAurobindo Pharma USA Inc.Presence of foreign tablets/capsules: Famotidine 20mg and ibuprofen 400mg tablets were found in a lot of famotidine 40mg.
06/2020Class IIIHF Acquisition Co. LLCTEMPERATURE ABUSE: Complaint received from customer that product was received in a non-refrigerated state.
10/2017Class IIIDr. Reddy's Laboratories, Inc.Failed impurities/degradation specifications: Famotodine has an out of specification result for an individual related substance observed during routine stability testing of a batch for related substances -impurity 8 at 24 month stability in
07/2017Class IITeva Pharmaceuticals USAFailed Tablet/Capsule Specification; out of specification for tablet weight
05/2017Class IIILupin Pharmaceuticals Inc.CGMP Deviations
06/2014Class IIINovel Laboratories, Inc.Failed Impurity/Degradation Specification; 12-month stability time point
04/2014Class IIBaxter Healthcare Corp.Presence of Particulate Matter: Baxter Healthcare Corporation has received a complaint reporting the presence of particulate matter identified as plastic/rubber in famotidine Injection premixed containers.

Class I = reasonable probability of serious harm. Class II = temporary or reversible harm. Class III = unlikely to harm. Most generic recalls are manufacturing or labeling defects for one lot, not a verdict on the molecule.

Evidence base

260randomized trials (PubMed)
7systematic reviews
161registered trials
36%of completed trials posted results
14%terminated or withdrawn
48%industry-funded

Counts measure how much evidence exists and how transparent it is, not how big the benefit is. For that, ask your prescriber: if 100 people like me took this, how many would get better because of it, and how many would be harmed? (Doctors call these the "number needed to treat" and "number needed to harm.") It differs by condition and is the number drug ads leave out. Sources: PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Money and lawsuits

In 2024, drug companies reported $0 in payments to US physicians and hospitals tied to this drug across 0 transactions.

No pending federal MDL names this drug or its brands.

Not named in any federal pharmaceutical settlement of $100M or more on record.

Sources: CMS Open Payments (Sunshine Act); Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation pending docket list; DOJ settlements as tabulated on Wikipedia with links to the primary record. State-court and individual suits are not included.

Who takes it and what it costs

3,926,701Medicare Part D patients (2024)
14,045,191prescriptions filled
$13average cost per fill
$180Mtotal Medicare spend
ProductFills$/fill
Famotidine14,044,674$13
Pepcid517$1,537

Same-class alternatives

cimetidinenizatidineranitidineranitidine bismuth citrateroxatidine

Same ATC pharmacological class, graded ones first, best grade at the top. Being in the same class does not make them interchangeable for your condition; it makes them worth asking about.

Questions to ask your prescriber

  1. The most-reported problems in FDA's adverse event data are chronic kidney disease, fatigue, nausea, diarrhoea. How would we recognize and handle those?
  2. Off-label use is among the most-reported items for this drug. Is my use on-label, and if not, what evidence supports it?
  3. Why this one over cimetidine, nizatidine, ranitidine? What would make you pick one of those instead?
  4. What result are we expecting, by when, and what is the plan if it does not happen?
  5. If 100 people like me took this drug, how many would actually get better because of it, and how many would be harmed by it? (Doctors call these the number needed to treat and the number needed to harm.)