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liothyronine

Sold as Cytomel, Liomny. First FDA approval 05/08/1956: 70 years on the US market.

This grade answers one narrow question: how strong is the public evidence and safety record behind this drug, and how clean is its money trail and court record? It is not a verdict on whether the drug is right for you.

C

Score breakdown (65/100)

Safety ×35%
C
Evidence ×25%
F
Regulatory ×15%
A
Money & lawsuits ×15%
A
Options ×10%
C

Safety: 70

Evidence: 21

Regulatory history: 91

Money & lawsuits: 100

Options: 70

FDA boxed warning

WARNING: NOT FOR TREATMENT OF OBESITY OR FOR WEIGHT LOSS Thyroid hormones, including liothyronine sodium tablets, either alone or with other therapeutic agents, should not be used for the treatment of obesity or for weight loss. In euthyroid patients, doses within the range of daily hormonal requirements are ineffective for weight reduction. Larger doses may produce serious or even life-threatening manifestations of toxicity, particularly when given in association with sympathomimetic amines such as those used for their anorectic effects [see Adverse Reactions (6) , Drug Interactions (7.7) , and Overdosage (10) ] . WARNING: NOT FOR TREATMENT OF OBESITY OR FOR WEIGHT LOSS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Thyroid hormones, including liothyronine sodium tablets, should not be used for the treatment of obesity or for weight loss. Doses beyond the range of daily hormonal requirements may produce serious or even life-threatening manifestations of toxicity ( 6 , 7.7 , 10 ).

What the FDA label says

Approved uses

Liothyronine sodium tablets are an L-triiodothyronine (T3) indicated for: Hypothyroidism: As replacement in primary (thyroidal), secondary (pituitary), and tertiary (hypothalamic) congenital or acquired hypothyroidism ( 1.1 ) Pituitary Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, TSH) Suppression: As an adjunct to surgery and radioiodine therapy in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer ( 1.2 ) Thyroid Suppression Test: As a diagnostic agent in suppression tests to differentiate suspected mild hyperthyroidism or thyroid gland autonomy ( 1.3 ) Limitations of Use : - Not indicated for suppression of benign thyroid nodules and nontoxic diffuse goiter in iodine-sufficient patients. ( 1 ) - Not indicated for treatment of hypothyroidism during the recovery phase of subacute thyroiditis. ( 1 ) 1.1 Hypothyroidism Liothyronine sodium tablets are indicated as a replacement therapy in primary (thyroidal), secondary (pituitary), and tertiary (hypothalamic) congenital or acquired hypothyroidism. 1.2 Pituitary Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, TSH) Suppression Liothyronine sodium tablets are indicated as an adjunct to surgery and radioiodine therapy in the management of well-d...

Contraindications

Liothyronine sodium tablets are contraindicated in patients with uncorrected adrenal insufficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] . Uncorrected adrenal cortical insufficiency ( 4 )

Warnings and precautions

Cardiac adverse reactions in the elderly and in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease: Initiate liothyronine sodium tablets at less than the full replacement dose because of the increased risk of cardiac adverse reactions, including atrial fibrillation ( 2.3 , 5.1 , 8.5 ) Myxedema coma: Do not use oral thyroid hormone drug products to treat myxedema coma. ( 5.2 ) Acute adrenal crisis in patients with concomitant adrenal insufficiency: Treat with replacement glucocorticoids prior to initiation of liothyronine sodium tablets treatment ( 5.3 ) Prevention of hyperthyroidism or incomplete treatment of hypothyroidism: Proper dose titration and careful monitoring is critical to prevent the persistence of hypothyroidism or the development of hyperthyroidism. ( 5.4 ) Worsening of diabetic control: Therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus may worsen glycemic control and result in increased antidiabetic agent or insulin requirements. Carefully monitor glycemic control after starting, changing, or discontinuing thyroid hormone therapy ( 5.5 ) Decreased bone mineral density associated with thyroid hormone over-replacement: Over-replacement can increase bone resorption and decrease b...

Adverse reactions (label)

Adverse reactions associated with liothyronine sodium tablets therapy are primarily those of hyperthyroidism due to therapeutic overdosage [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Overdosage (10) ] . They include the following: General : fatigue, increased appetite, weight loss, heat intolerance, fever, excessive sweating Central nervous system : headache, hyperactivity, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, emotional lability, insomnia Musculoskeletal : tremors, muscle weakness and cramps Cardiovascular : palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmias, increased pulse and blood pressure, heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest Respiratory : dyspnea Gastrointestinal : diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, elevations in liver function tests Dermatologic : hair loss, flushing Endocrine : decreased bone mineral density Reproductive : menstrual irregularities, impaired fertility Most common adverse reactions for liothyronine sodium tablets are primarily those of hyperthyroidism due to therapeutic overdosage: arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, dyspnea, headache, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, tremors, muscle weakness, increased appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, heat into...

Recent major label changes

Indications and Usage ( 1.1 , 1.2 , 1.3 ) 12/2018 Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.3 , 2.4 , 2.5 , 2.6 ) 12/2018 Contraindications ( 4 ) 12/2018 Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 , 5.2 , 5.3 , 5.4 , 5.5 , 5.6 ) 12/2018

Source: FDA SPL label for Liothyronine Sodium (Dr. Reddy's Labratories Inc.), effective 20240315. Full label on DailyMed.

Side-effect reports sent to the FDA

These are counts of reports people filed, not rates of harm. Anyone can file one, and nobody checks whether the drug was the cause. Millions of doses are taken for every report sent, so the useful part is how this drug compares with the average across all drugs.

11,126reports that mention this drug
11,116of those blame this drug, not another one the person was taking
48%of reports describe a serious outcome, such as a hospital stay (average for all drugs: 57%)
2.8%of reports include a death, from any cause (average for all drugs: 9.1%)

Problems reported most often

Drug Ineffective · 1,131Fatigue · 1,109Headache · 1,083Nausea · 798Dyspnoea · 630Off Label Use · 619Pain · 604Diarrhoea · 539Malaise · 537Hypertension · 501Dizziness · 497Weight Increased · 486Feeling Abnormal · 467Arthralgia · 455Hypothyroidism · 453

Reports per year

20192020202120222023202420252026
1,0281,1019081,277847805785434

2,664 reports blaming this drug for every million Medicare prescriptions filled, which is 1.0× the typical drug on this site. (2,018 reports in 2024–2026, against 757,453 Medicare fills in one year. This is the one number here that accounts for how many people take the drug.)

Source: the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Reports are voluntary and unverified. Drugs that are prescribed a lot, in the news, or in lawsuits attract more reports, so the percentages are compared with the whole database to correct for that partly, not fully.

Recalls and regulatory record

4recall actions on file
2 / 10brand / generic applications
0label changes since 2021
NoREMS program
DateClassFirmReason
12/2023Class IISUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INCFailed Impurities/Degradation Specifications
10/2023Class IISUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INCFailed Impurities/Degradation Specifications.
10/2023Class IISUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES INCFailed Impurities/Degradation Specifications.
04/2014Class IISigmaPharm Laboratories LLCCross Contamination with Other Products: Four lots of Liothyronine Sodium Tablets, USP 5 mcg are being recalled due to the finding of a potential carryover of trace amounts of a previously manufactured product.

Class I = reasonable probability of serious harm. Class II = temporary or reversible harm. Class III = unlikely to harm. Most generic recalls are manufacturing or labeling defects for one lot, not a verdict on the molecule.

Evidence base

28randomized trials (PubMed)
4systematic reviews
901registered trials
15%of completed trials posted results
7%terminated or withdrawn
13%industry-funded

Counts measure how much evidence exists and how transparent it is, not how big the benefit is. For that, ask your prescriber: if 100 people like me took this, how many would get better because of it, and how many would be harmed? (Doctors call these the "number needed to treat" and "number needed to harm.") It differs by condition and is the number drug ads leave out. Sources: PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Money and lawsuits

In 2024, drug companies reported $0 in payments to US physicians and hospitals tied to this drug across 0 transactions.

No pending federal MDL names this drug or its brands.

Not named in any federal pharmaceutical settlement of $100M or more on record.

Sources: CMS Open Payments (Sunshine Act); Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation pending docket list; DOJ settlements as tabulated on Wikipedia with links to the primary record. State-court and individual suits are not included.

Who takes it and what it costs

196,469Medicare Part D patients (2024)
757,453prescriptions filled
$39average cost per fill
$30Mtotal Medicare spend
ProductFills$/fill
Liothyronine Sodium748,503$39
Cytomel8,950$46

Same-class alternatives

No same-class alternatives found in RxClass.

Questions to ask your prescriber

  1. This drug carries a boxed warning. Which specific risk does it cover, and does it apply to me?
  2. The most-reported problems in FDA's adverse event data are fatigue, headache, nausea. How would we recognize and handle those?
  3. Off-label use is among the most-reported items for this drug. Is my use on-label, and if not, what evidence supports it?
  4. What result are we expecting, by when, and what is the plan if it does not happen?
  5. If 100 people like me took this drug, how many would actually get better because of it, and how many would be harmed by it? (Doctors call these the number needed to treat and the number needed to harm.)